Introduction :
The Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), also known as the Nilgiri Ibex and locally called “Varaiaadu,” is a rare and endangered species found exclusively in the southern Western Ghats of India. This herbivorous, hoofed mammal (ungulate) holds immense ecological and cultural significance, especially in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Habitat and Distribution :
The Nilgiri Tahr is the only Caprinae species (goat-antelope) found in the tropical mountains of southern India. It thrives in montane grasslands with steep, rocky terrains at altitudes ranging from 300 meters to 2,600 meters above sea level. The species prefers the cold and wet climate of the Western Ghats and has a high tolerance for environmental stress.
The Eravikulam National Park in Kerala is home to the highest density and largest surviving population of Nilgiri Tahrs. Other significant habitats include the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park, and Silent Valley National Park.
Conservation Status and Threats :
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Nilgiri Tahr as Endangered, while India’s Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) of 1972 categorizes it under Schedule I, providing it the highest level of protection.
Despite this, the species faces several threats, including :
Habitat destruction due to human encroachment, deforestation, and infrastructure projects.
Climate change, which affects the delicate montane grassland ecosystem.
Poaching and hunting, which historically reduced its population.
Invasive plant species, such as wattle and eucalyptus, which disrupt the native grasslands essential for the Tahr’s survival.

Cultural and Historical Significance :
The Nilgiri Tahr has been an integral part of South Indian culture for centuries. Ancient Sangam Tamil literature, including the epics Silappathikaram and Sivakasindamani, describe the animal and its habitat. Additionally, Mesolithic cave paintings (10,000–4,000 BC) in the region highlight the Tahr’s presence in folklore and daily life.
Known as the “Mountain Monarchs,” these animals are famous for their exceptional climbing skills, effortlessly navigating steep cliffs.
Recent Conservation Efforts :
Project Nilgiri Tahr –
In 2022, the Tamil Nadu government launched Project Nilgiri Tahr, a five-year conservation initiative running until 2027.
The project aims to:-
Reintroduce the Nilgiri Tahr to its historic habitats.
Address major threats to its population.
Increase public awareness and promote conservation efforts.
First-Ever Synchronised Census (2024) –
A landmark synchronised census of the Nilgiri Tahr was conducted in April 2024 across key habitats. This included the Eravikulam National Park, which shares a continuous boundary with the Grass Hills in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The census provides crucial data to improve conservation strategies.
Expert Opinions :
Dr. R. Kannan, a wildlife biologist specializing in mountain ungulates, emphasizes that “Habitat restoration and community participation are key to ensuring the survival of the Nilgiri Tahr.” Conservationists also stress the importance of controlling invasive species and mitigating climate change effects to safeguard the Tahr’s future.
Conclusion :
The Nilgiri Tahr is not just an endangered species but a symbol of the Western Ghats’ rich biodiversity and cultural heritage. Ongoing conservation efforts, scientific research, and public awareness campaigns will be crucial in securing a future for these magnificent mountain dwellers. Protecting them ensures the survival of an entire ecosystem and preserves a natural treasure for generations to come.